When we format a hard drive (internal or external), whether it is a USB drive or an SD card, we can usually choose different file systems. In Windows, we usually see three options: NTFS, FAT32, and exFAT.

Hence, in this article, we will detail each of them and explain the best one to use, depending on the device you will format.

Before we start, we must clarify what a file system is. Basically, it offers a way to organize files within a storage device and what information can be associated with those files, such as permissions, file types, and other attributes.

NTFS is used mostly by hard drives and SSDs, while FAT, FAT32, and exFAT are used in USB drives and SD cards.

NTFS (New Technology File System) is the file system that Windows uses by default and is used for hard disks and SSD drives.

Windows can only be installed on a unit with this system, so if you read this from Windows, your computer uses this file system. There are several reasons why this file system is used for computers.

Among them, we find:

• Its file size limit is 16 TB, and the volumes can reach 264 TB each. This is good for computers, where we can have dozens of large files, so it’s not something to worry about because the largest hard drives have 18 TB of storage and 60 TB of SSD.
• You can configure access permissions to a file (vital for an operating system).
• It also allows us to encrypt files.
• It also allows long file names.
• It recovers more easily from errors if the computer crashes.
• On Mac operating systems, NTFS can be read but not written. If you use both platforms, NTFS is not the best option. Sony consoles, PS3 and PS4, cannot write but read. Of course, the tech giant Microsoft’s well-known gaming console, the Xbox 360, could not read it, but Xbox One could.

This file system is one of the oldest still used today, and it is usually the default one included in the USB memory to maximize its compatibility.

Because it is so old (it was introduced in Windows 95 in 1995), its compatibility with all operating systems is very wide. It can be used in Windows, Linux (and Android), Mac OS, and devices such as televisions or consoles.

Among its drawbacks, the size of the files can not exceed 4 GB (or partitions of 8 TB), which is uncomfortable in some action cameras in which the videos are cut or if we want to pass movies on a USB stick. Hence, the well-known exFAT system was created.

This file system is the most recent and has been ten years behind it since it was released in Windows Vista (with a compatible version for XP). Although it has taken a few years to use massively, it is currently the best option for USB memory.

The most important reason is that exFAT eliminates all limitations of the FAT32 system, so you can copy files larger than 4 GB.

However, the most interesting thing about this new system is that it has a file size limit of 16 exabytes, which is equivalent to 16 million terabytes.

Compared to the NTFS system, it has advantages such as being lighter without all the extra features offered by NTFS. In addition, MacOS allows writing and reading in this format, unlike NTFS, which only allows reading.

In Linux, it can be used with the appropriate software, and in Android, it can be used to read and write to SD cards and USB sticks through OTG. In consoles, the most recent PlayStation 4 and Xbox One support them.

ExFAT is most advisable to use in SD cards if our camera or mobile phone is compatible and in USB memory. However, some devices may not read this file system, so if we introduce a USB stick to an old computer, it is better to ensure compatibility with FAT32.

Other file systems are ext4, used in Linux and, therefore, also in Android. The advantage of this storage system is the well-known “journaling,” which allows better data integrity by not modifying files in real time but by pointing and ordering them before they are realized.

Mac OS uses its own file system, called MFS or Macintosh File System. From the new versions of iOS 13 and macOS 10.12.4, Apple has introduced APFS (Apple File System), which will unify the file systems among all the tech giant Apple’s operating systems: macOS, iOS, tvOS, and watchOS, with great advantages of latency and encryption.

In short, the NTFS system is the best choice for external and internal disks, SSD drives, USB drives, and SD cards. It is best to use FAT32 if we are going to use it on devices with compatibility problems or exFAT if we are going to need to copy files larger than 4 GB in modern devices, such as HD movies.